A boat is a watercraft of any size designed to float or plane, to provide passage across water. Usually this water will be inland (lakes) or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed to be operated from a ship in an offshore environment. In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Strictly speaking and uniquely a submarine is a boat as defined by the Royal Navy. Some boats too large for the naval definition include the Great Lakes freighter, riverboat, narrowboat and ferryboat. The term armed boat, used primarily by English speaking naval forces, referred to any boat carrying either a cannon or armed occupants, such as marines.

History

Boats have served as short-distance transportation since early times. Circumstantial evidence, such as the early settlement of Australia over 40,000 years ago, suggests that boats have been used since ancient times. The earliest boats have been predicted to be logboats. The oldest boats to be found by archaeological excavation are logboats from around 7,000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world is the canoe of Pesse; it is a dugout or hollowed tree trunk from a Pinus sylvestris. It was constructed somewhere between 8200 and 7600 B.C. This canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands; other very old dugout boats have been recovered. A 7,000 year-old seagoing boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait.

Boats were used between 4000 BCE and 3000 BCE in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean.

Boats played a very important part in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia. Evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered in various Indus Valley sites. The Uru wooden big boat made in Beypore a village in south Calicut, Kerala, in southwestern India. These have been used by the Arabs and Greeks since ancient times as trading vessels. This mammoth wooden ship was constructed using teak, without any iron or blueprints which has transportation capacity of 400 tonnes.

The accounts of historians Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo suggest that boats were being used for commerce and traveling.

Types

Boats can be categorized into three types:

Unpowered or human-powered boats. (Unpowered boats include rafts and floats meant for one-way downstream travel. Human-powered boats include canoes, kayaks, gondolas and boats propelled by poles like a punt.)

Sailing boats, which are boats propelled solely by means of sails.

Motorboats, which are boats propelled by mechanical means, such as engines.

Parts and terminology

Several key components make up the main structure of most boats. The hull is the main structural component of the boat which actually provides buoyancy for the boat. The roughly horizontal, but chambered structures spanning the hull of the boat are referred to as the deck. In a ship there are often several decks, but a boat is unlikely to have more than one, if any at all. Above the deck are the superstructures. The underside of a deck is the deck head.

An enclosed space on a boat is referred to as a cabin. Several structures make up a cabin: the similar but usually lighter structure which spans a raised cabin is a coach-roof. The "floor" of a cabin is properly known as the sole, but is more likely to be called the floor (a floor is properly, a structural member which ties a frame to the keelson and keel). The vertical surfaces dividing the internal space are bulkheads.

The keel is a lengthwise structural member to which the frames are fixed (sometimes referred to as a backbone).

The front (or forward end) of a boat is called the bow. Boats of earlier times often featured a figurehead protruding from the front of the bows. The rear (or aft end) of the boat is called the stern. The right side (facing forward) is starboard and the left side is port.

Building materials

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used. Early boats include the bound-reed style of boat seen in Ancient Egypt, the birch bark canoe, the animal hide-covered kayak and coracle and the dugout canoe made from a single log. By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood. In 1855 ferro-cement boat construction was patented by the French. They called it Ferciment. This is a system by which a steel or iron wire framework is built in the shape of a boat's hull and covered (trowelled) over with cement. Reinforced with bulkheads and other internal structure, it is strong but heavy, easily repaired, and, if sealed properly, will not leak or corrode. These materials and methods were copied all over the world, and have faded in and out of popularity to the present. As the forests of Britain and Europe continued to be over-harvested to supply the keels of larger wooden boats, and the Bessemer process (patented in 1855) cheapened the cost of steel, steel ships and boats began to be more common. By the 1930s boats built of all steel from frames to plating were seen replacing wooden boats in many industrial uses, even the fishing fleets. Private recreational boats in steel are uncommon. In the mid 20th century aluminium gained popularity. Though much more expensive than steel, there are now aluminium alloys available that will not corrode in salt water, and an aluminium boat built to similar load carrying standards could be built lighter than steel. Around the mid 1960s, boats made out of glass-reinforced plastic, more commonly known as fibreglass, became popular, especially for recreational boats. The United States Coast Guard refers to such boats as 'FRP' (for Fibre Reinforced Plastic) boats.

Fibreglass boats are extremely strong, and do not rust (iron oxide), corrode, or rot. They are, however susceptible to structural degradation from sunlight and extremes in temperature over their lifespan. Fibreglass provides structural strength, especially when long woven strands are laid, sometimes from bow to stern, and then soaked in epoxy or polyester resin to form the hull of the boat. Whether hand laid or built in a mold, FRP boats usually have an outer coating of gelcoat which is a thin solid colored layer of polyester resin that adds no structural strength, but does create a smooth surface which can be buffed to a high shine and also acts as a protective layer against sunlight. FRP structures can be made stiffer with sandwich panels, where the FRP encloses a lightweight core such as balsa or foam. Cored FRP is most often found in decking which helps keep down weight that will be carried above the waterline. The addition of wood makes the cored structure of the boat susceptible to rotting which puts a greater emphasis on not allowing damaged sandwich structures to go unrepaired. Plastic based foam cores are less vulnerable. The phrase 'advanced composites' in FRP construction may indicate the addition of carbon fibre, kevlar(tm) or other similar materials, but it may also indicate other methods designed to introduce less expensive and, by at least one yacht surveyor's eyewitness accounts, less structurally sound materials.

Cold molding is similar to FRP in as much as it involves the use of epoxy or polyester resins, but the structural component is wood instead of fibreglass. In cold molding very thin strips of wood are laid over a form or mold in layers. This layer is then coated with resin and another directionally alternating layer is laid on top. In some processes the subsequent layers are stapled or otherwise mechanically fastened to the previous layers, but in other processes the layers are weighted or even vacuum bagged to hold layers together while the resin sets. Layers are built up thus to create the required thickness of hull.

People have even made their own boats or watercraft out of materials such as foam or plastic, but most homebuilts today are built of plywood and either painted or covered in a layer of fibreglass and resin.

Propulsion

The most common means are:

human power (rowing, paddling, setting pole and so on.)

wind power (sailing)

Motor powered screws

*Inboard

** internal combustion (gasoline, diesel, heavy fuel oil)

**steam (coal, fuel oil)

**nuclear (for submarines and large naval ships)

*Inboard/Outboard (sterndrive)

**gasoline

**diesel

*Outboard

**electric

*paddle wheel

*Water Jet (Personal water craft, Jetboat)

*Air Fans (Hovercraft, Air boat)

Track-driven propulsion

An early uncommon means of boat propulsion was referred to as the ''water caterpillar'' which is similar in construction to paddles on a conveyor belt and preceded the development of tracked vehicles such as military tanks and earth moving equipment. A series of paddles on chains moved along the bottom of the boat to propel it over the water.

The first water caterpillar was developed by Desblancs in 1782 and propelled by a steam engine. In the United States the first water caterpillar was patented in 1839 by William Leavenworth of New York.

Buoyancy

A floating boat displaces its weight in water. The material of the boat hull may be denser than water, but if this is the case then it forms only the outer layer. If the boat floats, the mass of the boat (plus contents) ''as a whole'' divided by the volume ''below the waterline'' is equal to the density of water (1 kg/l). If weight is added to the boat, the volume below the waterline will increase to keep the weight balance equal, and so the boat sinks a little to compensate.

See also

Abora

Cabin cruiser

Canoe

Dory

Flat-bottomed boat

Glossary of nautical terms

Gondola

Halkett boat

Inflatable boat

Kayak

Launch (boat)

Lifeboat (rescue)

Lifeboat (shipboard)

Log canoe

Motorboat

Motor Launch

Narrowboat

Naval architecture

Panga (boat)

Pirogue

Raft

Reed boat

Rescue craft

Row boat

Sampan

Ship

Skiff

Super yacht

Traditional fishing boats

Yacht

Ferry

Barge

Notes

References

Denemark, Robert Allen; el al. (2000). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Routledge :3 . ISBN 0-415-23276-7.

McGrail, Sean (2004). ''Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times :3''. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927186-0.

External links

Sailboats database: sailboat data sheets all over the world

University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Freshwater and Marine Image Bank -- Vessels - images of boats and vessels

Category:Nautical terms

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Coordinates	54°5′20″N18°25′10″N
Name	Fast Crew
Background	group_or_band
Origin	Auckland, New Zealand
Years active	1999–2008
Label	AKrite Records
Past members	Dane Rumble (1999-2008)Diablo Deville (1999-2008)DJ Alias (1999-2008)Gemma Copas (2006-2008)Jerome Fortune (1999-2007) Rebecca Le Harle (1999-2006) }}

Fast Crew (or fastCREW) were a New Zealand hip hop group consisting of four members - Dane Rumble (aka Kid Deft), Diablo Deville (Brad Devcich), Gemma Copas and DJ Alias (Josh Thorne).

Fast Crew have supported international artists such as Missy Elliott, Busta Rhymes, The Black Eyed Peas, D12, Chingy, and DMX, and played at the Big Day Out tours. Their second album is now completed. The band played their last concert and "a mutual decision to split the band was decided" in late 2008.

History of the band

Fast Crew was formed in Auckland, New Zealand in 1999, and after some experimentation, the group began playing live around Auckland. Their first single ''Mr Radio'' was released in 2002 and received high radio and television airplay.

In May 2003, Fast Crew released the single "I Got" which spent 23 weeks on the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart and achieved gold status. As a result of the success of "I Got", the group began to open for such international acts such as Busta Rhymes and Missy Elliott on their New Zealand tours and were signed as the first act on new independent central Auckland based record label AKrite Records, who entered into a deal with Universal Music to distribute the group's singles and album ''Set the Record Straight''. "I Got" finished the year at #17 on the New Zealand Top 40 Chart for 2004.

While "I Got" spent time on the charts, Fast Crew began working on their first album ''Set the Record Straight'' and released their second single of the album, "It's the Incredible", in November.

The album ''Set the Record Straight'' was released in December 2004 and achieved gold status within a week of its release and a peak position of #11. With the release of the album the group toured New Zealand to promote it. The album also reached the top 100 in Australia and continued to rise up the charts with the success of the latest single release in Australia, "Suburbia Streets". The band also performed to rave reviews at music festival 'Big Day Out' Auckland and East Coast cities of Australia.

Fast Crew's third single from ''Set the Record Straight'', called "Suburbia Streets", was released in March 2005 and reached a height of #10 in NZ.

With continued success in New Zealand Fast Crew entered Australia with "I Got" reaching #22 on the ARIAnet singles chart in May 2005, following the rise and success of fellow New Zealand rapper Scribe. In August the same year, ''It's the Incredible'' was also released in Australia, reaching #41. "Suburbia Streets" debuted on 20 February 2006 at #39 in the Australian charts.

The Fast Crew's efforts in breaking the Australian market were dealt a small blow in late 2005 after it was found that the group had used an unauthorised sample of the Eagles's song "Victim of Love" in their track "It's the Incredible". The album and single were immediately withdrawn in both the New Zealand and Australian markets. The album was re-released into the Australian market with a remix (sample free) version of "It's the Incredible".

Fast Crew received 3 nominations at the 2006 Australasian Urban Music Awards : Nominations for Best Hip Hop Single "I Got", Best Hip Hop Album ''Set the Record Straight'' and Best Hip Hop Group.

The group split up after Jeremy, the main producer left the Crew a year before they ended in late 2008.

Truth Lies and Redtape

"What Happened to Yesterday (Full Mix)" is the first single off the album Truth Lies and Redtape which was re-released online (This occurred due to distributing issues of the album to the music stores) on the 29 September 2008 and in stores 13 October 2008. The latest single Fly was released 26 May 2008 and has not yet made it onto the New Zealand Music charts. Fast Crew is also releasing a 3rd single off Truth Lies and Redtape titled Highs and Lows which is due to be released early in 2009.

Discography

artist	Fast Crew
studio	2
singles	7 }}

Albums

! Year	! Title	Recording Industry Association of New Zealand>NZ Chart	! Music recording sales certification
2004	''[[Set the Record Straight''	* Released: December	Universal Music Group>Universal	compact disc>CD		NZ: Gold
2008	''Truth, Lies & Red Tape''	* Released: 28 September	Universal Music Group>Universal	* Formats:
Year	Title	Chart peak positions		Album
		!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"	!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"
2002	"Mr Radio"			non-album single
	"[[I Got">compact disc

Singles

Year	Title	Chart peak positions		Album
		!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"	!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"
2002	"Mr Radio"			non-album single
	"[[I Got"
"It's the Incredible"
2005	"Suburbia Streets"
2007	"What Happened to Yesterday"
2008	"Fly
2009	"Highs and Lows"

Singles featured on compilation albums

The group have appeared on several compilations over the years in New Zealand and overseas. The following is a list of these albums that have featured tracks by Fast Crew.

(2003) - ''The Grey Lynn Park Festival Compilation'' (Sane Recordings) - "I Got"

(2004) - ''Now That's What I Call Music 15'' (EMI) - "I Got"

(2005) - ''The Wall of Bass Technique'' by Baitercell & Schumacher (Sony BMG) - "F.A.S.T."

(2005) - ''Maximum Bass'' (Ministry of Sound) - "I Got (Fsard remix)"

(2005) - ''Top of the Pops 2005'' (Universal Music New Zealand) - "I Got"

(2005) - ''Now That's What I Call Music 17'' (EMI) - "It's The Incredible"

(2005) - ''Holla Hour'' (Universal) - "Oh Really"

(2005) - ''Now That's What I Call Music 18'' (EMI) - "Suburbia Streets"

(2006) - ''More Nature'' (Sony BMG) - "I Got"

References

External links

Fast Crew Official Website

Category:Dane Rumble Category:New Zealand hip hop groups

Coordinates	54°5′20″N18°25′10″N
playername	Randy Phillips
dateofbirth	August 14, 1959
cityofbirth	Kansas City, Missouri
countryofbirth	United States
height
position	Goalkeeper
youthyears1	1977-1980
youthclubs1	Southern Methodist
years1	1981
years2	1982
years3	1983-1985
clubs1	Minnesota Kicks
clubs2	Tulsa Roughnecks
clubs3	Dallas Americans
caps1	10
caps2	0
caps3	45
goals1	0
goals2	0
goals3	0 }}

Randy Phillips (born Dallas, Texas) is a retired U.S. soccer goalkeeper who spent two seasons in the North American Soccer League, one in the American Soccer League and two in the United Soccer League. He was also a two-time first team All American goalkeeper at Southern Methodist University.

Phillips grew up in Dallas, Texas and attended Southern Methodist University where he played on the men’s soccer team from 1977 to1980. He was a three-time All American, being selected to the second team in 1978 and the first team in 1979 and 1980. In 1980, Phillips signed with the Minnesota Kicks of the North American Soccer League. He saw time in ten games, but the Kicks folded at the end of the season and on December 8, 1981, the Tulsa Roughnecks acquired Phillips in the Dispersal Draft. He was a backup for Tulsa during the 1982 season. In 1983, he moved to the Dallas Americans in the American Soccer League. The ASL collapsed at the end of the season and the Americans moved to the newly established United Soccer League. Phillips was the Americans' starting goalkeeper for the 1984 and 1985 USL seasons. However, the USL also collapsed after only half the season was played. Phillips does not appear to have played professionally after that.

References

External links

NASL Stats

Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:American soccer players Category:American Soccer League (1933–1983) players Category:Dallas Americans players Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Minnesota Kicks players Category:North American Soccer League players Category:SMU Mustangs men's soccer players Category:Tulsa Roughnecks players Category:United Soccer League players